アプリケーション検索（技術資料）

Quality and process control of biofuels require straightforward, fast and accurate analysis methods. Ion chromatography (IC) is at the leading edge of this effort. Traces of anions in a gasoline/ethanol blend can accurately be determined in the sub-ppb range after Metrohm Inline Matrix Elimination using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression. While the analyte anions are retained on the preconcentration column, the interfering organic gasoline/bioethanol matrix is washed away.Detrimental alkali metals and water-extractable alkaline earth metals in biodiesel are determined in the sub-ppm range using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection applying automated extraction with nitric acid and subsequent Metrohm Inline Dialysis. Unlike high-molecular substances, ions in the high-ionic strength matrix diffuse through a membrane into the low-ionic water acceptor solution. In biogas reactor samples, low-molecular-weight organic acids stem from the biodegradation of organic matter. Their profile allows important conclusions concerning conversion in the anaerobic digestion reaction. Volatile fatty acids and lactate can be accurately determined by using ion-exclusion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection after inline dialysis or filtration.

The study of adverse effects of air pollution requires semi-continuous, rapid and accurate measurements of inorganic species in aerosols and their gas phase components in ambient air. The most promising instruments, often referred to as steam collecting devices, are the Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler (PILS) coupled to wet-chemical analyzers such as a cation and/or anion chromatograph (IC) and the Monitoring instrument for AeRosols and GAses (MARGA) with two integrated ICs. Both instruments comprise gas denuders, a condensation particle growth sampler as well as pump and control devices. While PILS uses two consecutive fixed denuders and a downstream growth chamber, the MARGA system is composed of a Wet Rotating Denuder (WRD) and a Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector (SJAC). Although the aerosol samplers of PILS and MARGA use different assemblies, both apply the technique of growing aerosol particles into droplets in a supersaturated water vapor environment. Previously mixed with carrier water, the collected droplets are continuously fed into sample loops or preconcentration columns for on-line IC analysis. While PILS has been designed to sample aerosols only, MARGA additionally determines water-soluble gases. Compared to the classical denuders, which remove gases from the air sample upstream of the growth chamber, MARGA collects the gaseous species in a WRD for on-line analysis. In contrast to the gases, aerosols have low diffusion speeds and thus neither dissolve in the PILS denuders nor in the WRD. Proper selection of the ion chromatographic conditions of PILS-IC allows a precise determination, within 4 to 5 minutes, of seven major inorganic species (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO4 2-) in fine aerosol particles. With longer analysis times (10-15 minutes) even airborne low-molecular-weight organic acids, such as acetate, formate and oxalate can be analyzed. MARGA additionally facilitates the simultaneous determination of HCl, HNO3, HNO2, SO2 and NH3.PILS and MARGA provide semi-continuous, long-term stand-alone measurements (1 week) and can measure particulate pollutants in the ng/m3 range.

This poster provides an overview of ion chromatographic methods combined with inline sample preparation for the determination of anions and water-extractable cations in biofuels. In addition, the determination of the oxidation stability is described.

Available sample size, mass sensitivity, efficiency and the detector type are important criteria in the selection of separation column dimensions. Compared to conventional 4 mm i.d. columns, microbore columns excel, above all, by their low eluent consumption. Once an eluent is prepared, it can be used for a long time. Additionally, the lower flow rates of microbore columns facilitate the hyphenation to mass spectrometers due to the improved ionization efficiency in the ion source.With the same injected sample amount, a halved column diameter involves a lower eluent flow and results in an approximate four-fold sensitivity increase. In a converse conclusion, this means that with less sample amount, microbore columns achieve the same chromatographic sensitivity and resolution than normal bore columns. This makes them ideally suited for samples of limited availability.

This Bulletin is a supplement to Application Bulletin no. 36 (Half-wave potentials of inorganic substances) in the sense that the half-wave potentials of 100 different organic substances are listed. At the same time the supporting electrolytes used and the limits of determination are given.The various substances are listed in alphabetical order. The most important polarographically active functional groups are taken into consideration. This means that substances for related structures can also be determined polarographically in the same or similar supporting electrolytes, although they may not appear in the list.Unless otherwise stated, the half-wave potentials refer to a temperature of 20 °C, and the potentials are given in volts, measured with a sat. KCI-Ag/AgCl electrode assembly.The determination limits give the smallest concentrations which can be measured without risking serious errors in the results. In all cases, the limit of detection lies below the limit of determination.

4-カルボキシベンズアルデヒド (以下4-CBA) は、アンモニア性溶液において滴下水銀電極 (DME) で直接還元することができます。ごく簡単なサンプル前処理後、ポーラログラフィーによってppmを下回る範囲まで、テレフタル酸中の4-CBA濃度を迅速かつ正確に測定することが可能です。

心停止液は、虚血心筋を細胞死から保護します。これは例えば、心臓外科手術などで低体温法とともに適用されます。ここでは、このような溶液中のアスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸、トリス (アミノメチル) アミノメタン (TRIS)、ナトリウムおよびカリウムの同時測定が行われます。2つのアミノ酸は、溶離液pHにおいて一部トリプルプロトン化されたアンモニウムの形態で存在するので、測定が可能です。直接電気伝導度検出により、測定が行われます。

ホエイは、チーズ製造の後に残る液体です。これは主に試料として使用されます。また、飲料または粉末状で栄養補助食品としても用いられます。このアプリケーションでは、1度の測定において乳酸と同時に陽イオンも測定します。Metrosep C 6 - 250/4.0カラムは、イオン交換により、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、およびカルシウムを分離します。これは、乳酸を分離するイオン排除カラムとしても作用します。乳酸も陽イオンも、直接電気伝導度検出を用いた同じ試行で測定することができます。陽イオンは主に負のピークとして溶離する一方、乳酸は初期の正のピークとして溶離します。MagIC Netは、通常の正方向で両方を示します。

Ion chromatography (IC) provides an automated, fast, and sensitive solution to accurately quantify cationic and anionic components including acetate simultaneously. This comprehensive approach makes IC an economic alternative to traditional techniques for the quality control of pharmaceutical solutions like haemodialysis concentrates. Ease-of use, accuracy, and the high-throughput of IC increase productivity and comply with the demands of modern routine and research labs.

スクリーンプリント電極を使用した酵素センサーを利用することで、製造者は乳酸の生成を測定し、発酵プロセスを簡単にモニタリングすることができます。

Standardization of 0.1 mol/L in propan-2-ol for use in applications for the determination of weakly acidic species in non-aqueous media.

Determination of free fatty acids (FFA) in oils.

A direct thermometric titration (TET) with 2 mol/L NaOH is used to determine the HF, NH4F, and maleic acid (C4H4O4) contents of acid cleaning solutions. Three endpoints (EPs) are obtained, which may be assigned as follows:EP1: C4H4O4 (pKa1 = 1.9), HF (pKa = 3.17)EP2: C4H4O4 (pKa2 = 6.07)EP2: NH4F (pKa = 8.2)The HF content is determined by subtracting the difference (EP2-EP1) from EP1.

Determination of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid using ion-pair chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Determination of organic acids and phosphate using ion-exclusion chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Determination of gluconic acid and glycolic acid using ion-exclusion chromatography with direct conductivity detection.

Determination of formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, and capronate in an aqueous absorption solution using ion-exclusion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of lactate, formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate,and isovalerate in a standard solution using ion-exclusion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of glycolic acid, formic acid, glutaric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in a standard solution using ion-exclusion chromatography with suppressed and non-suppressed conductivity detection.

Determination of formate, acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, valerate, and capronate added to tap water using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after suppression. The MCS is placed upstream of the chemical suppressor to remove interfering CO2.

Etching is a vital process in semiconductor fabrication, involving the chemical removal of layers from the wafer substrate. Strict quality control measures are necessary to determine acid etchant concentrations in mixed acid solutions (e.g., SPM, DSP, or DSP+), critical for optimizing etch rate, selectivity, and uniformity during multiple wafer etching steps. This application presents a method to measure sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide in etching baths simultaneously using Raman spectroscopy with the PTRam Analyzer from Metrohm Process Analytics.

この技術資料では、プロセス用ラマン分光計 2060 ラマン アナライザーを使用して、バイオリアクター内の乳酸とグルコースを「リアルタイム」で正確に監視する方法を紹介します。

Raman spectroscopy can easily monitor polymerization by tracking monomer consumption and polymer formation, providing a valuable tool for polymer manufacturers.

Determination of chloride, sulfate, oxalate, and fumarate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, benzoate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, sulfate, maleate, oxalate, and fumarate in ink using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and dialysis for sample preparation.

Determination of glycolate, acetate, and chloride in monochloroacetic acid (MCA) using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate, monochloroacetate, and dichloroacetate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of acetate and dichloroacetate in chloroacetic acid using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of gluconate, fluoride, formate, chloride, nitrate, and salicylate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of lactate, acetate, chloride, methylsulfate, bromide, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of sulfite, oxalate, thiosulfate, and thiocyanate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, oxalate, thiosulfate, iodide, and citrate in a standard solution using anion chromatography with a high pressure gradient and conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of 21 anions and organic acids using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and applying a high pressure gradient.

Determination of formate, chloride, nitrite, phosphite, phosphate, sulfite, nitrate, and sulfate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of chlorite, bromate, chlorate, glycolate, acetate and formate in the presence of fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate using anion chromatography and subsequent conductivity detection following chemical suppression.

Determination of chloride, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate, and citrate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.

Determination of fluoride, acetate, formate, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate impurities in syringe filters using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after sequential suppression.

Determination of fluoride, formate, acetate, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate, and molybdate using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression and Metrohm Inline Dialysis.

The separation of short-chain organic acids from fluoride and chloride requires diluted eluents. These weak eluents, however, induce long retention times for divalent anions. Adding a stronger eluent later in the separation sequence by use of a Dose-in Gradient makes these anions elute more rapidly. Furthermore, the Dose-in Gradient offers the advantage of low equipment and technical expense.

Fast IC means a high sample throughput. This is attained with short columns, relatively high flows and strong eluents. Malate, tartrate, oxalate as well as sulfate are separated within three minutes.

Fast IC means short run times and a high sample throughput. This is attained using short columns and strong eluents. Fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and oxalate are separated in less than eight minutes using the Metrosep A Supp 5 - 100/4.0.

テレフタル酸、イソフタル酸、5-スルホイソフタル酸などといった芳香族ジカルボン酸は、ポリエステルやアルキド樹脂の製造において重要なモノマーです。ジカルボン酸のモノマーの比率は、重合に多大な影響を及ぼします。Metrosep A Supp 15 - 50/4.0 の短いタイプのカラムを高い溶離剤濃度および高い流量で使用すれば、後から溶出される成分の分離は15分で完了します。

製薬に使われるモノフルオロりん酸ナトリウムは、USP 要求に適合している必要があります。現行のモノグラフ (USP 42) では、識別、不純物、ならびにアッセイのために3つの異なるメソッドが用いられています。イオンクロマトグラフィーにより、1回きりの測定でこれら3つのパラメータを分析することが可能となります。USP モノグラフの現代化のコースでは、このイオンクロマトグラフィーによるアプローチによりこのタイプの分析がより容易になっています。

ディーゼル燃料、特にバイオディーゼル燃料中のアニオンは、エンジンに有害な堆積物を引き起こす可能性があります。イオンクロマトグラフィを用いた定量には、ディーゼルのアニオンを水溶液に転移し、ICに注入可能な状態にする必要があります。アニオンを水に転移させる典型的な方法は、インライン抽出を行い、その後インラインダイアライシスを行い、注入前にアニオンを水溶液に転移させることです（関連する陽イオンの分析についてはAN-C-101を参照）。実際のマトリックス除去法では、イソプロパノールで希釈したディーゼルをイソプロパノール流に注入し、予備濃縮カラムを通過させます。イソプロパノールがディーゼルを洗い流し、その後の超純水での洗浄工程で余分なイソプロパノールを除去します。

ワインの品質評価において、イオンクロマトグラフィ（IC）は重要な分析手法の1つです。ICを使用することで、ワイン中のさまざまな成分を定量し、その品質に関する重要な情報を得ることができます。この技術資料では、ワイン品質分析のための2種類のIC分析法を紹介します。

分光電気化学の実験では、サンプルに関する卓越した定性情報が得られるだけでなく、分析を行う際に考慮されるかもしれない他の定量データも得られます。 一連の実験により、分析者は2つの検量線を得ることができます。1つは電気化学データであり、もう1つは分光学的な情報です。サンプルの濃度は、両方の検量線を使用して計算され、異なる経路で得られた結果を確認することができます。 この技術資料は、電気化学的測定と分光学的測定の比較により、2つの方法が尿酸(UA)を区別なく測定し、その計算値が経験的データとほぼ一致することを実証しています。

Citric acid and oxalic acid are present in many products, such as foods or chemical solvents (e.g., decontamination solutions). Both acids are reducing agents and citric acid is additionally a powerful antioxidant. Due to their mutual impact (buffer effect), a content calculation is only possible with correction factors for each acid. A fast and accurate determination by potentiometric titration using the dEcotrode plus and sodium hydroxide as titrant can be realized in this Application Note.

この技術資料では、ISO 6557-2規格に基づいたアスコルビン酸の光度滴定法による定量法について説明します。終点の客観性と結果の再現性を高めるために、光度センサーであるOptrode電極を備えた自動滴定装置を使用します。滴定試薬である2,6-ジクロロフェノール-インドフェノール（DCIPまたはDPIP）は、滴定試薬であると同時に指示薬としても機能します。