แอปพลิเคชัน
- AN-C-189Cations in lithium ore
The exploration and processing of lithium ores is gaining importance with the growing demand for lithium hydroxide. Lithium hydroxide is a key component in the manufacturing of rechargeable batteries for use in various applications including electric vehicles, home storage systems, power tools and consumer electronics. To ensure the efficiency for advanced processing of high purity lithium hydroxide, a fast and reliable quantitative detection technique is required. This application has been developed to monitor the lithium, sodium, and calcium content in the lithium processing samples and mineral concentrates.
- AN-C-160Calcium in Bayer caustic soda
In order to extract aluminum from bauxite, the aluminum ore is exposed with a caustic soda solution under pressure in the temperature range of 150 to 200 °C. Dilution and pH value setting are implemented by the addition of 170 mmol/L citric acid prior to calcium determination with ion chromatography in the Bayer caustic soda. Doing so establishes a pH value of 4.5 and prevents precipitation of aluminum hydroxide. The IC separation takes place on the Metrosep C 4 - 150/4.0 column with a citric acid eluent.
- AN-N-034Sulfate in gypsum
Determination of sulfate in hydrochloric acid digest of gypsum using anion chromatography with direct conductometric detection.
- AN-N-073Trace analysis of iodide in sodium chloride applying amperometric detection
Pure sodium chloride contains much less iodide than e.g., table salt which usually is fortified with it. Trace determination of iodide is easily performed applying ion chromatography with amperometric detection. This detection mode is particularly selective and sensitive. The actual separation is achieved using a Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 column. The detection happens at a silver working electrode. LOQ is at approximately 1.0 μg/L (in solution) and 50 μg/kg in the sample. The use of a shorter column might further improve the LOQ.
- AN-S-329Anions in FDG gypsum in accordance with VGB-M 701e (consultative document of European Technical Association for the Generation of Electricity and Heat)
FDG gypsum originates from flue gas desulfurization systems in power plants. VGB-M 701 E (2008) describes aqueous extraction methods for determining chloride in FDG gypsum using ion chromatography. The sample preparation described in the VGB permits the determination of other anions besides chloride.
- AN-S-086Five anions in mineral extracts
Determination of fluoride, chloride, bromide, sulfate, and iodide in mineral extracts using anion chromatography with conductivity detection after chemical suppression.
- AN-U-073Sulfur speciation in mining leachate by ion chromatography appling a perchlorate eluent and UV/VIS detection
In gold mining, there is a tendency to switch from cyanide leaching to the much less toxic thiosulfate leaching process. Thiosulfate leaching is a sensitive process that requires more optimization of the components of the leach reaction to maximize gold recovery and reagent loss. Sulfite, thiosulfate, thiocyanate, and tetrathionate are separated on a Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 column. Perchlorate is choosen as an eluent as most of the metal perchlorates are soluble in water. This avoids metal precipitation in the IC System.
- AN-U-038Sulfide in mining wastewater
Determination of sulfide in mining wastewater using anion chromatography with UV detection.
- AN-V-170Selenium in zinc plant electrolyte
The concentration of Se(IV) in zinc plant electrolyte is determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) in ammonium sulfate electrolyte containing EDTA and Cu. The Cu concentration has to be adapted to the sample and the deposition time. With voltammetry only free selenium is determined, therefore it has to be taken into consideration that selenium forms sparingly soluble compounds with numerous cations (e.g. Fe2(SeO3 )3 with Ks = 2·10-31).
- AN-V-077Nickel and cobalt in zinc plant electrolytes (concentrated zinc sulfate solutions)
Nickel can be determined in concentrated zinc solutions by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the HMDE using ammonia buffer as supporting electrolyte and dimethylglyoxime (DMG) as complexing agent. The determination of cobalt does not work under these conditions as the very high Zn2+ concentration interferes with the Co signal. Therefore, an alternative complexing agent has to be used: α-benzil dioxime in ammonia buffer under addition of sodium nitrite.
- AN-V-081Copper, iron, and vanadium in sodium chloride
Copper, iron, and vanadium can be determined in salt samples in the µg/kg concentration range by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the HMDE. No sample preparation is necessary.
- AN-V-099Cadmium, lead, and copper in triphosphate
Cadmium, lead, and copper are determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at the HMDE using aqueous nitric acid as supporting electrolyte.
- AN-V-171Tellurium in zinc plant electrolyte
The concentration of Te(IV) in Zn plant electrolyte is determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) in ammonium sulfate electrolyte containing EDTA and Cu. To get a proper complexation of the interfering Zn a high amount of EDTA is necessary at pH 3.4.
- AN-V-173Lead in zinc sulfate solution
The concentration of Pb in zinc sulfate solution is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in hydrochloric acid electrolyte.
- AN-V-175Antimony(III) in zinc plant electrolyte with chloranilic acid as complexing agent
The concentration of of Sb(III) in zinc plant electrolyte is determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) with chloranilic acid as complexing agent. In this method high copper concentrations do not interfere. An approx. 10-fold excess of lead interferes, since it shows a signal close to the antimony. With the parameters given below the working range of this method is 1 - 30 µg/L antimony(III) with respect to the concentration in the measuring vessel.
- AN-V-078Antimony in zinc solutions
The concentration of total Sb in zinc plant electrolytes is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in 5 mol/L HCl. If 0.6 mol/L HCl is used, only the concentration of antimony(III) is determined selectively. The interference of an excess of Cu is suppressed by the selective oxidation of Cu. Nevertheless, the concentration of Cu in the sample limits the amount of sample that can be used for the determination.
- AN-V-100Nickel and cobalt in triphosphate
Ni and Co are determined in triphosphate by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) in ammonia buffer at pH 9.5 with addition of dimethylglyoxime (DMG).
- AN-V-105Thallium in the presence of an excess of cadmium in zinc plant electrolytes (concentrated ZnSO4 solutions)
Thallium and cadmium can be determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at the HMDE (Tl) and polarography at the DME (Cd), respectively using aqueous hydrochloric acid as supporting electrolyte. Since Cd is present in high excess and would therefore interfere with the determination of thallium, a post electrolysis procedure is applied to remove the co-deposited metal from the mercury drop.
- AN-V-172Cobalt in zinc plant electrolyte with a furildioxime as complexing agent
The concentration of Co in zinc plant electrolyte (neutral zinc sulfate solution) is determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) in ammonia buffer with α-furildioxime as complexing agent.
- AN-PAN-1006Online analysis of zinc, sulfuric acid, and iron during zinc refining
This Process Application Note is dedicated to the online analysis of zinc, iron and sulfuric acid in several stages of the zinc production process. Additionally, traces of germanium, antimony, as well as several transition metals (e.g., Ni, Co, Cu, Cd) can be precisely determined (<50 µg/L) in the purification filtrates and reactor trains.
- AN-COR-006Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) as per ASTM G150
This Application Note is based on the ASTM standard G150, developed to test the resistance of stainless steel, and otheralloys related to stainless steel, on pitting formation at elevated temperature. This is achieved by determining the potential-independent critical pitting temperature (CPT), defined as the lowest temperature at which pitting evolution occurs. The CPT experiment consists of applying a potential to the specimen while the cell temperature is raised and recording the current.
- AN-T-064Titanium and iron in mixtures
Simultaneous determination of titanium and iron by potentiometric titration with potassium dichromate using a platinum electrode. Before determination, Ti4+ and Fe3+ are reduced with Cr2+.
- AN-T-120Automatic manganese determination in aqueous solution using the ion-selective copper electrode (Cu ISE)
Manganese in aqueous solution can be determined using back titration in alkali solution. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode.
- AN-T-103Fully automated determination of aluminum in aqueous solution
In many countries, the aluminum concentration in water is limited to 0.2 mg/L. This application note shows how the analysis of aluminum in water can be done fully automatically by complexometric titration with EDTA.
- AN-T-082Determination of nickel using photometric titration
This Application Note treats the photometric titration of nickel using the Optrode (520 nm). Murexide was used as the indicator and EDTA as the titrant.
- AN-T-122Automatic thallium determination in aqueous solution using the ion-selective copper electrode (Cu ISE)
Thallium in aqueous solution can be determined using back titration in a weak acidic solution. The ion-selective copper electrode is used here as the indicator electrode.
- AN-T-124Photometric copper determination in aqueous solution
Copper can be determined using photometric titration with EDTA at a wavelength of 520 nm.
- AN-CIC-012Halogens and sulfur in clay using Metrohm Combustion IC
Clay is used for the manufacture of roofing tiles. Quality controls during this process require the determination of halogen and sulfur content. This is ideally accomplished using Metrohm Combustion IC. With this method, the sulfur is determined as sulfate and the halogens as halogenides. Because clay often contains high contents of alkali and earth alkali metal ions that attack the pyrolysis tube, tungsten oxide is added prior to combustion.Keyword: pyrohydrolysis
- AN-CIC-028Fluorine and chlorine in iron ore by Combustion Ion Chromatography
Iron ore is an important resource for steel production. Its natural content of halogens is a quality characteristic due to the corrosiveness of the respective halogenides. Combustion IC applying the sacrificial vial technology is used for the analysis of fluorine and chlorine in ore. WO3 usually is added to improve the release of SO2 and therefore sulfur recovery. In this application, it also significantly improves the recovery of fluoride.
- AN-CIC-017Fluorine in copper concentrates using Metrohm Combustion IC
Copper concentrate is an important raw material for copper mills. The concentrate is often contaminated with corrosive fluorine, which is why the fluorine concentration must be checked at regular intervals. A convenient and reliable determination method is Combustion IC in combination with sacrificing vial technology. The sample is placed inside the quartz combustion pipe in a horizontally positioned quartz vial, both ends of which are sealed with glass wool. During combustion, the quartz-destroying components (e.g., fluoride, alkali and earth alkali metals) that are released are captured by the quartz vial and the quartz wool, ensuring that they are thus unable to reach the quartz combustion pipe at all.Keyword: pyrohydrolysis
- AN-RS-005Differentiation of inorganic salts using Raman spectroscopy
This Application Note documents the suitability of hand-held Raman spectrometers, e.g., the Mira M-1, for the identification and differentiation of salts such as carbonates, phosphates, and sulfates. The focus of the work was the rating of the influence of the cationic part and of the crystal water on the Raman spectroscopy identification of the salts.
- AN-C-040Calcium and magnesium in rock extracts
Determination of calcium and magnesium in rock extracts using cation chromatography with direct conductivity detection.
- AN-K-027Water in lime (CaCO3)
The water content of lime is determined according to Karl Fischer using the oven method (150 °C).
- AN-U-040Chromium(VI) in colorless and colored chromate coating on metallic samples as per IEC 62321 method for RoHS testing
The determination of chromium in metal plate samples using anion exchange chromatography with UV/VIS detection after post-column reaction with diphenylcarbazide as per IEC 62321 method for RoHS testing. This method provides procedures for the determination of the presence of chromium(VI) in colorless and colored chromate coatings on metallic samples.
- AN-V-111Germanium in zinc plant electrolytes (concentrated ZnSO4 solutions)
Germanium is determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the HMDE using aqueous sulfuric acid as supporting electrolyte and pyrocatechol violet as complexing agent. It is possible to determine 20 µg/L Ge in a sample containing 150 g/L Zn, 3 g/L Cd and 1 mg/L Pb.
- AN-V-102Manganese in triphosphate
Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at the HMDE is used to determine manganese in triphosphate. The sample is first digested and then measured in an alkaline solution.
- AN-V-080Germanium in lead
Germanium can be determined by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the HMDE using acetate buffer as supporting electrolyte and catechol as complexing agent.
- AN-V-174Arsenic in zinc plant electrolyte
The concentration of As(total) in zinc plant electrolyte is determined by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) on a lateral gold electrode in HCl electrolyte. Due to the high excess of zinc in the sample the deposition potential has to be adapted. A second potential approx. 100 mV more negative than the arsenic signal has to be applied to selectively oxidize interfering antimony. For sample preparation the sample was passed through a cation exchange column to reduce the concentration of zinc in the measuring solution.
- AN-PAN-1002Online monitoring of cyanide and gold in gold leaching solution
Gold leaching by cyanidation requires precise monitoring of cyanide and gold. Online process analyzers perform such measurements, improving safety and compliance.
- AN-PAN-1034Analysis of Bayer aluminate liquors using thermometric titration
The Bayer Process is the method used to refine alumina from bauxite ore, as smelting aluminum directly from alumina is much more cost- and energy-effective. In this process, "aluminate liquors" are created by digesting the crushed bauxite with CaO and NaOH at high temperatures. Additionally, the CaO causticizes carbonate which forms in the alkaline solution from organic degradation and CO2 absorption from the atmosphere. Contaminations are removed at various steps in the process, and the liquor is filtered from the alumina crystals before it is recycled back to the digestion step. Before the spent liquor can be reused, a determination of the concentrations of the total hydroxyl (“caustic”), carbonate, and alumina values is required. These parameters can be determined quickly via thermometric titration with the 2035 Process Analyzer.
- AN-COR-001Corrosion part 1 – basic concepts
Corrosion refers to a process that involves deterioration or degradation of metal. The most common example of corrosion is the formation of rust on steel. Most corrosion phenomena are of electrochemical nature and consist of at least two reactions on the surface of the corroding metal.
- AN-COR-009Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of three coated aluminum samples
In this Application Note, EIS is applied on three coated aluminium samples, before and after the stepwise dissolution measurement (SDM). This technique has been reviewed in the Application Note AN-COR-08.
- AN-COR-003Measurement of polarization resistance
Polarization resistance (Rp) can quantify the corrosion resistance of metals as an alternative to Tafel analysis. Its methodology and practical use as described in ASTM G59 are discussed.
- AN-T-034Hydrofluoric and nitric acid in etching baths
Determination of hydrofluoric and nitric acid in etching baths by potentiometric titration.a) Determination of the total acid content using the combined Sb electrode and NaOH as titrant.b) Determination of hydrofluoric acid using the F-ISE and the titrant La(NO3)3.The concentration of nitric acid is then determined by calculation.
- AN-T-038Iron content of iron powder
Determination of the iron content of iron powder by potentiometric titration with potassium dichromate using the Pt-Titrode.
- AN-T-069Iron and nickel in binary mixtures
Determination of iron and nickel in binary mixtures by potentiometric titration with EDTA at different pH values using the Cu-ISE.
- AN-T-163Complexometric titration of aluminum chloride with OMNIS
OMNIS is the ideal system for quick and accurate determination of aluminum in aluminum chloride using complexometric back titration with an ion-selective copper electrode (Cu-ISE). Copper sulfate is used as the titrant.
- AN-T-181Lithium in brine
Lithium is a soft metal which is used for many applications, such as production of high-temperature lubricants or heat-resistant glass. Furthermore, lithium is used in large quantities in for battery production. It is obtained from brines and high-grade lithium ores. Depending on the lithium concentration, extraction may or may not be economically viable.This Application Note demonstrates a method to determine the lithium concentration in brines by potentiometric titration. Lithium and fluoride precipitate in ethanol as insoluble lithium fluoride. Using ammonium fluoride as the titrant and a fluoride ion-selective electrode (ISE), determination via potentiometric titration is possible. This method is more reliable, faster, and less expensive than the determination of lithium in brine by other more sophisticated techniques such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).
- AN-T-108Fully automated determination of zinc(II) in aqueous solution
This Application Note describes the fully automated complexometric determination of zinc(II) in aqueous solutions with a copper ion-selective electrode.
- AN-T-188Iron content in iron ore
The total iron content in iron ore plays a central economic role for mining companies. The higher the iron content in the ore, the more profitable the mining operation. Therefore, a fast and accurate analysis is important to determine the most profitable areas to work.The iron ore is dissolved in hydrochloric acid at 80 °C. Afterwards, the iron is quickly and accurately determined by potentiometric titration using the Pt-ring electrode and potassium dichromate as titrant.