Aplikacje
- AN-U-071Nitrite, bromide and nitrate in artificial seawater with the aid of UV/VIS detection
Ion chromatography trace analysis of anions in seawater is difficult, due to the high chloride concentrations. In contrast to chloride, nitrite, bromide and nitrate absorb UV radiation in the low wavelength range, thus enabling a UV detection of these three anions. This Application Note describes the separation on a column of the Metrosep Carb 2 - 100/4.0 type with a sodium chloride eluent. This minimizes the influence of the surplus chloride and enables low detection limits.
- AN-U-072Speciation of vanadium(IV) and vanadium(V) as EDTA complexes in Benfield solution applying UV/VIS detection
The Benfield Process is a well known procedure to remove H2S and CO2 from petroleum and industrial gases. Vanadium pentoxide is added as a corrosion inhibitor and is most effective in a certain V(IV)/V(V) ratio. Therefore, speciation and determination of V(IV) and V(V) is important. This speciation is easily achieved on A Metrosep A Supp 5 - 50/4.0 column with EDTA as an eluent and UV/VIS detection at 282 nm.
- AN-U-073Sulfur speciation in mining leachate by ion chromatography appling a perchlorate eluent and UV/VIS detection
In gold mining, there is a tendency to switch from cyanide leaching to the much less toxic thiosulfate leaching process. Thiosulfate leaching is a sensitive process that requires more optimization of the components of the leach reaction to maximize gold recovery and reagent loss. Sulfite, thiosulfate, thiocyanate, and tetrathionate are separated on a Metrosep A Supp 5 - 250/4.0 column. Perchlorate is choosen as an eluent as most of the metal perchlorates are soluble in water. This avoids metal precipitation in the IC System.
- AN-U-074Determination of nitrite and nitrate in tobacco by ion chromatography with UV/VIS detection
Nitrite in tobacco facilitates the release of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Most of these nitrosamines are carcinogenic. Therefore, the determination of nitrite in tobacco is required. This application describes the determination of nitrite and nitrate in acetic acid extracts of tobacco. The ion chromatographic separation is followed by UV/VIS detection after sequential suppression.
- AN-U-075Determination of aluminum (Al3+) in a vaccine by ion chromatography with UV/VIS detection
Aluminum (as gel or salt) is used in vaccines as an adjuvant. This helps to get a stronger immune response. The amount of aluminum in vaccines is regulated e.g., by USP. According to USP maximum amounts of Al3+ in a vaccine dose lay between 0.85 and 1.25 mg. This work describes the determination of aluminum as the 8-hydroxyquinoline complex by ion chromatography with UV/VIS detection.
- AN-U-076Zinc Oxide Assay as per USP General Chapter <591>
Manufacturers and laboratories must use validated methods to determine the zinc content in skin care products and pharmaceutical supplements to meet strict quality standards set by the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP-NF). USP-NF has updated the zinc monograph (General Chapter <591>, Zinc Determination) and replaced the existing identification procedure of titration with ion chromatography (IC). The analysis involves separating Zn using a Metrosep A Supp 10 column followed by post-column reaction using 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and detection at 530 nm.
- AN-U-077Chromate in strongly alkaline digestion solution according to EN ISO 15192 (digested soil) and EN 16318 (fertilizer)
Hexavalent chromium (chromate) in soil needs to be minimized as it acts cancerogenic. Chromate may be introduced to soil by applying fertilizers containing Cr(VI). Most of this chromate is reduced to Cr(III) by oxidizing organic matter. The remaining chromate is determined according to EN ISO 15192 by alkaline digestion followed by ion chromatography with post-column reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide and subsequent visible detection at 538 nm. Procedure B of EN 16318 applies the alkaline digestion and the same analytical procedure to fertilizers.
- AN-U-078Silicate in cooling agents
Scale formation is a critical issue in cooling systems leading to system damage, which generates enormous operational losses. One important component of scale forming is silica. Amorphous silica and metal silicates especially tend to build up scale. Therefore, it is crucial to know the silica concentration in cooling agents. By ion chromatography with UV/VIS detection and PCR, it is possible to determine both free and total silicate content. Sample dilution in ultrapure water and direct injection delivers the free silicate concentration. The total silicate content is determined after hydrolysis of amorphous silica by sample dilution in alkaline eluent, and injection after a reaction time (e.g. 4 hours) prior to the analysis.
- AN-U-079Chromate (Cr(VI)) in water
Chromate and dichromate are the two oxoanions of chromium. In both, chromium is present in its hexavalent form (Cr(VI)). In aqueous solutions, chromate exists under alkaline and dichromate under acidic conditions. Hexavalent chromium is highly toxic and carcinogenic. It is therefore restricted in manufactured goods as well as in the environment and requires thorough monitoring. DIN 38405-52 describes the determination of Cr(VI) in water, wastewater, and sludge by photometric methods. In Appendix C, chapter C.6 the use of ion chromatography is described. This AN shows the application of the method to drinking water samples.
- AN-U-080Nitrite and nitrate in meat products
Nitrite and nitrate salts are used as preservatives for meat and meat products. Nitrate salts (labeled E 251 or E 252) have a low toxicity but long-term exposure is of concern, as the lower gut reduces them to nitrite, a precursor of nitrosamines (classified as carcinogenic). Nitrite itself is classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) lists the MPL (maximum permitted levels) after the manufacturing process for nitrite (labeled E 249 or E 250) as between 50–180 mg/kg, and for nitrate between 150–300 mg/kg, depending on the product. The European Commission (Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008) limits nitrate and nitrite salts in processed meat to less than 150 mg/kg. Ion chromatography with UV detection offers a robust and universal method for quality control of nitrite and nitrate in different meat matrices. Additional sample preparation techniques like Inline Ultrafiltration help to save time and costs as well as overcome analysis issues with difficult sample matrices.
- AN-V-001Iron, cadmium, lead, and copper in cobalt acetate solution
Determination of Fe, Pb, Cd, and Cu in Co(Ac)2 solution using the MME.
- AN-V-002Chromium, manganese, and titanium in polyterephthalic acid solution
Determination of Cr, Mn, and Ti in a PTA solution containing HCl.
- AN-V-003Nickel, cobalt, and iron in polyterephthalic acid solution
Determination of Ni, Co, and Fe in a PTA solution containing HCl.
- AN-V-004Zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, and chromium in triglyceride
Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr in triglyceride.
- AN-V-006Cadmium, lead, and antimony in acetic acid
Determination of Cd, Pb, and Sb in acetic acid.
- AN-V-009Cadmium, lead, and copper in brine and sodium hydroxide
Determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in brine and NaOH.
- AN-V-010Zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt in NaOH in one run
Simultaneous determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Co in 50% NaOH.
- AN-V-015Nickel, antimony, cadmium, thallium, and copper in a neutral, highly concentrated zinc solution
Determination of Ni, Sb, Cd, Tl, and Cu in a neutral, highly concentrated zinc solution from the plating industry.
- AN-V-016Nickel, iron, and copper in a silver plating bath
Determination of Ni, Fe, and Cu in a silver plating bath.
- AN-V-017Chromium and selenium in a silver plating bath
Determination of Cr and Se in a silver plating bath.
- AN-V-018Tin and lead in an organo plating bath
Determination of Sn and Pb in an organo plating bath.
- AN-V-019Lead in a nickel plating bath
Lead is commonly used as stabilizer in electroless nickel plating processes. The regular and precise determination of the electrochemically active Pb(II) concentration is essential to keep the plating process running optimally under stable conditions. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry can be used to determine the active lead content after dilution. The voltammetric determination has been established as a straightforward, sensitive, selective, and interference-free method for this application.
- AN-V-022Antimony and bismuth in an alkaline zinc oxide solution in one run
Simultaneous determination of Sb and Bi in an alkaline ZnO solution.
- AN-V-023Aluminum in an alkaline zinc oxide solution
Determination of Al in alkaline ZnO solution with Eriochrome Blue Black R at 60 °C.
- AN-V-024Copper and chromium in an etching bath
Determination of Cu and Cr in an etching bath. Due to the high concentrations of Mn and Ni, Cu is determined as the EDTA complex and Mn as DTPA complex.
- AN-V-026Iron and zinc in a nickel sulfate bath containing surfactants
Determination of Fe and Zn in a nickel sulfate bath containing surfactants after UV digestion.
- AN-V-027Copper in a nickel sulfate bath containing surfactants
Determination of Cu in a nickel sulfate bath containing surfactants after UV digestion.
- AN-V-028Zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, and cobalt in hydrochloric acid
Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co in hydrochloric acid (37.8%).
- AN-V-029Zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, and cobalt in Javelle water
Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co in Javelle water.
- AN-V-030Zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, and cobalt in iron(III) chloride solution (40%)
Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Co in FeCl3 solution of 40%.
- AN-V-031Coumarin and tartrazine in vodka
Determination of coumarin and tartrazine in vodka.
- AN-V-032Zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, iron, nickel, and cobalt in freeze-dried hops
Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, and Fe in freeze-dried hops after a wet digestion.
- AN-V-033Zinc, lead, copper, and iron in sugar
Determination of Zn, Pb, Cu, and Fe in sugar after wet digestion.
- AN-V-035Zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper in chili sauce after UV digestion
Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in chili sauce after digestion UV.
- AN-V-036Mercury in chili sauce after UV digestion
Determination of Hg in chili sauce after UV digestion.
- AN-V-038Aluminum in albumin lyophilizate after digestion
Determination of aluminum with Eriochrome Blue Black R at 60 °C in albumin lyophilizate after a wet digestion.
- AN-V-039Zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper in whiskey after UV digestion
Determination of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in whiskey after UV digestion.
- AN-V-041Cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, and cobalt in soybean oil after digestion
Determination of Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Co in soybean oil after extraction by boiling with HCl under reflux.
- AN-V-043Zinc in a herbal pharmaceutical drug against prostate cancer
Determination of zinc in a herbal pharmaceutical drug against cancer of the prostate.
- AN-V-044Boron in human plasma using Beryllon III as a ligand
Voltammetric determination of boron in plasma using Beryllon III as a ligand [L. Thunus (1996), Anal. Chim. Acta 318: 303–308].
- AN-V-045Uranium in drinking water
Uranium can be determined in drinking water by adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). Chloranilic acid is used as complexing agent.
- AN-V-046Zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, and cobalt in vitamin tablets
Determination (after digestion) of zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, and cobalt in fabrication powder of vitamin tablets.
- AN-V-047Manganese, iron, and molybdenum in vitamin tablets
Determination of manganese, iron, and molybdenum (after digestion) in fabrication powder of vitamin tablets.
- AN-V-048Clotiapine in a standard sample
Determination of clothiapine in a pharmaceutical standard.
- AN-V-051Cadmium and lead in a herbicide
Determination of cadmium and lead in herbicide powder containing 37% copper after digestion.
- AN-V-053Artemisinin and artesunate in a standard sample
Determination of artemisinin and artesunate in a standard.
- AN-V-054Palladium in pharmaceutical products
The concentration of Pd in pharmaceutical products is determined by polarography after wet digestion.
- AN-V-055ß-Propiolactone in vaccine
Determination of ß-propiolactone in vaccine.
- AN-V-056Ascorbic acid in vitamin capsules
Determination of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in vitamin capsules after sample digestion.
- AN-V-057Thiomersal in eye drops
Thiomersal (also called thimerosal) is a mercury containing organic molecule that has been widely used as preservative for vaccines and eye drops. It is very effective, even in very low concentrations, against a wide range of microorganisms and viruses. To reduce the risk for consumers the maximum concentration of mercury in the products is limited by the authorities. Polarography or voltammetry can be used to accurately determine the concentration of thiomersal in vaccines or other cosmetic and pharmaceutical solutions (such as eye drops). The method is simple to perform, specific, and free of interferences.
